Pheasant season dates. Oct. 10-31 in the Upper Peninsula in Menominee County and portions of Iron, Marquette, Dickinson and Delta counties. Oct. 20 - Nov. 14 in the Lower Peninsula. Dec. 1 - Jan. 1 in selected areas of Zone 3. See the 2021 Hunting Digest for maps of open hunting zones. The bag limit is two male pheasants daily, with …This year, pheasants will be released during the Oct. 20-Nov. 14 regular pheasant season on nine state game areas throughout southern Michigan: Cornish (Van Buren County). Crow Island (Bay and Saginaw …See full list on projectupland.comHunter trips increased from 1,211 in 2021 to 1,229 in 2022. Hunter success increased, with 1.17 birds per hunter trip in 2022 compared to 1.04 in 2021. Early Teal and Goose Seasons: The managed waterfowl hunting area is not open for these seasons. Early teal and goose hunting are allowed in the public hunting areas throughout PMSGA.I have seen many, many threads about the history of the coney island sauce for hot dogs that originated in the Detroit area and are served as “Michigans” in New York state and part...Jul 13, 2023 · July 13, 2023. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources’ highly anticipated pheasant release program is expanding for the upcoming pheasant hunting season. This year, the program will include: Three times more rooster pheasants released than last year. Four new release sites in Cass City, Crane Pond, Dansville and Stanton state game areas.Welcome to the 2022-2023 Michigan Hunting Regulations. Here you will find the most up-to-date information on deer, turkey, and waterfowl/migratory game birds. Season dates and hunting areas. Bag limits.Michigan upland bird hunting information, season limits, bag limits, species overviews and quick links to Michigan DNR and hunting licenses.Year-round hunting and trapping seasons 2023-2024. Ground squirrel (includes chipmunk), porcupine, red squirrel and Russian boar may be hunted and trapped, and feral pigeon, house sparrow, starling and woodchuck may be hunted, year-round, statewide with a valid base license.The Bounty Hunt - The bounty hunt begins by doing extensive research of the person sought. Find out the steps involved in a bounty hunt and what some bounty hunting dangers are. Ad...Michigan Hunting Regulations Summary. Rules apply from Aug. 1, 2023 - July 31, 2024. RAP (Report All Poaching): Call or text 800-292-7800. Important2023 WATERFOWL HUNTING. 14 2023 Michigan Waterfowl Hunting Regulations Summary Pointe Mouillee (Wayne County, Rockwood) 734-379-9692 Oct. 14 (p.m.) reserved Nov. 5 (a.m.) nonreserved Morning hunts: Sundays, Thursdays and Oct. 14 at 5:30 a.m. (Reserved hunt opening weekend of duck season.)First, look at the 2023 reserved waterfowl hunt choices section table, and choose the date and time you want to hunt. Next, look at the table to find the number for the hunt unit you chose. Then, purchase an application for the hunt number(s) you chose (you can select two hunt numbers – first and second choice).Seasons Span November 20 – March 1, 2024. Resident License Fees: $12 Non-Resident License Fees: $125 3-Day $40 10-Day $75. State Drought Monitor – Upland hunting conditions are often highly dependent upon moisture for both habitat production and bird survival.. Purchase License OnlineJul 10, 2021 · Pheasant season dates. Oct. 10-31 in the Upper Peninsula in Menominee County and portions of Iron, Marquette, Dickinson and Delta counties. Oct. 20 - Nov. 14 in the Lower Peninsula. Dec. 1 - Jan. 1 in selected areas of Zone 3. See the 2021 Hunting Digest for maps of open hunting zones. The bag limit is two male pheasants daily, with four in ...Application period: Jan. 1 - Feb. 1, 2024. RAP (Report All Poaching): Call or text 800-292-7800. TURKEY MANAGEMENT. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources is committed to the conservation, protection, management, use and enjoyment of the state’s natural and cultural resources for current and future generations.The average number of rooster pheasants flushed per hour by cooperators (0.88) increased 76% compared to flush rates from 2017 (0.49). Pheasant mail carrier brood surveys were conducted statewide along 541 surveys in July 2019. Mail carriers observed an average of 0.15 broods per 10 carrier-days. Pheasant broods contained an average of 3.0 chicks.COLUMBUS, Ohio –Ohio’s wild turkey hunters have checked 12,934 birds through Sunday, May 5 of the spring 2024 season, according to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) Division of Wildlife.. This year’s statewide total represents 16 days of hunting in the 83 counties comprising the south zone, nine days of hunting in …Year-round hunting and trapping seasons 2023-2024. Ground squirrel (includes chipmunk), porcupine, red squirrel and Russian boar may be hunted and trapped, and feral pigeon, house sparrow, starling and woodchuck may be hunted, year-round, statewide with a valid base license.Managing your resources. Rules, laws and enforcement. Laws, rules and regulations surrounding the management of our natural resources, and the conservation officers who enforce them, are crucial to our success. Learn about recreation rules and regulations, conservation officers, department orders, administrative rules and more.It is no longer required to sign the Migratory Game Bird Hunting Permit (both physical and electronic forms). ... If a municipality within a WMU allows Sunday hunting, the season is closed within that municipality. September 7 to September 17. 10 (in WMUs 60 to 81, 83, 86 to 92 and 95) No limit.Year-round hunting and trapping seasons 2023-2024. Ground squirrel (includes chipmunk), porcupine, red squirrel and Russian boar may be hunted and trapped, and feral pigeon, house sparrow, starling and woodchuck may be hunted, year-round, statewide with a valid base license.The average number of rooster pheasants flushed per hour by cooperators (0.88) increased 76% compared to flush rates from 2017 (0.49). Pheasant mail carrier brood surveys were conducted statewide along 541 surveys in July 2019. Mail carriers observed an average of 0.15 broods per 10 carrier-days. Pheasant broods contained an average of 3.0 chicks.The 2023 pheasant release season begins October 20 across Michigan’s state game areas (SGA). After a limited 2022 release season due to poor timing of legislative appropriations the 2023 season is looking much more robust. There are four new release sites and triple the number of birds put on the ground compared to 2022. MUCC…In the state of Michigan, especially for purposes of property taxes, houses undergo period official assessments. These are normally conducted by the county or municipality in which...Bird hunting in Ontario offers a wide variety of upland species like grouse, pheasant, dove, woodcock, turkey, and more. Now Reading. Upland Hunting in Ontario. ... Ontario Upland Bird Hunting Seasons. Species* Wildlife Management Unit: Season: Daily / Possession Limit: Ruffed Grouse : 1–4, 16–18, 24–27:There’s been a lot going on in tennis and basketball over the past few weeks. The final Grand Slam of the tennis season, the U.S. Open, wrapped up in New York, and the WNBA is in t...Licenses and kill tags. 2023 fur harvester licenses are valid May 1, 2023, to April 30, 2024. Residents with a fur harvester license who intend to harvest bobcat, otter, fisher or marten must request free kill tags for these species. Kill tags are available through the last day of the trapping season for fisher, marten and otter.License - $12.00. HIP registration/Migratory Bird Hunter - free (required for those who hunt migratory birds, including ducks, geese, woodcock, snipe, rails, etc.) Federal Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp (Duck Stamp) - $28.00 (required for waterfowl hunters ages 16 and older) *A non-resident 7-day ($80) or a non-resident 3-day ($50) small game ...Birding. Michigan’s birds are some of the most beautiful and fascinating creatures to observe outdoors. It's a popular past time for residents and visitors alike, who can find more than 450 bird species on Michigan's many birding trails, state parks and recreation areas, state wildlife and game areas, national wildlife refuges, Great Lakes ...Overview Known For Michigan is known for its rich, passionate hunting history, especially for whitetail, duck, turkey, and black bear. There are limited opportunities for elk hunting, too. Terrain Michigan’s terrain is primarily rolling hills and heavily-forested low mountains in the southernmost part and flatlands interspersed with hills in the northernmost section. On its western […]This final rule is the culmination of the rulemaking process for the Tribal migratory game bird hunting seasons, which started with the August 31, 2021, proposed rule. This final rule sets the migratory bird hunting regulations on certain Federal Indian reservations and ceded lands for the 2022–23 season. Population Status and HarvestUse of the Regular Deer Tag will be eliminated in these units beginning in the 2022 hunting season. 13, 14, 18. Oct 10 - Nov 3. (White-tailed only) Oct 10 - Nov 3. (White-tailed only) Use of the Regular Deer Tag will be eliminated in these units beginning in the 2022 hunting season. 16A, 17, 19, 20. Sep 15 -Nov 18.This year, pheasants will be released on 13 state game/wildlife areas throughout southern Michigan, making it easier than ever for you to plan your hunting adventures. Cass City (Tuscola County) — fall and December release. Cornish (Van Buren County) — fall release only. Crane Pond (Cass County) — fall release only.The bird hunting season in Michigan typically runs from September to December. However, specific dates can vary depending on the species being hunted. It is important to consult the Michigan Department of Natural Resources for the most up-to-date information on the hunting seasons and regulations.See full list on projectupland.comI have seen many, many threads about the history of the coney island sauce for hot dogs that originated in the Detroit area and are served as “Michigans” in New York state and part...In the state of Michigan, especially for purposes of property taxes, houses undergo period official assessments. These are normally conducted by the county or municipality in which...Looking for the top Michigan hotels your whole family will love? Click this now to discover the best family hotels in Michigan - AND GET FR Here, you can find a large number of opp...Kids skipped sitting in classrooms for a chance to hear the burst of strong wings and the telltale cackle of a pheasant rooster. Pheasant hunting was king for many hunters in Michigan’s farmlands. In 1944, Michigan’s pheasant harvest topped 1.4 million birds. An average of more than 1 million birds were harvested each year from 1937-1959.The birding technique at Pointe Mouillee is simple. At any time other than the closed hunting season in fall, park at one of the three access points on the west side and walk some of the miles of flat, unpaved roads on the levees that separate the impoundments. A spotting scope is handy to scan the marshes, open water, and mudflats.DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. Helpful Links. Helpdesk: 517-284-6057. PURCHASE YOUR LICENSES HERE! Buy Michigan hunting, fishing, snowmobile and ORV licenses, permits and applications quickly and easily, and find information about regulations and other important updates about outdoor recreation in Michigan.LinkedIn is the best social network for your career, whether you want to use it to find a job or just boost your hirability. It's not without its annoyances, however. If you're pre...Welcome to the 2022-2023 Michigan Hunting Regulations. Here you will find the most up-to-date information on deer, turkey, and waterfowl/migratory game birds. Season dates and hunting areas. Bag limits. Hunting rules and regulations. Official Michigan Hunting regulations. Season dates, license info, bag limits and more. Deer and Turkey Season info.All furbearer hunting seasons are closed during shotgun deer season, except for coyotes. Special restrictions apply. The following species may be taken year-round (except during shotgun deer season) by licensed hunters with no daily or seasonal bag limit: English sparrow, flyingThis rarely-seen species may be found only in the Ruby Mountains of eastern Nevada. The Himalayan Snowcock were introduced in the early 1960s and have a claimed population of 250 to 500 birds. They live above the tree line and are notoriously wary. Hunters claim to have seem them but can rarely get close.Plan your hunt. Before you apply for a hunting permit or head out on your hunt, you should do some planning and research. Visit the Utah Hunt Planner for an in-depth look at hunt boundaries, hunting dates and other key information about Utah's hunting units. This insightful blog post explains how to best use the Hunt Planner as you …Migratory Bird Hunting Season Dates 2024-2025. Quick Links. HIP Permits Avian Influenza ... Waterfowl & Migratory Bird Seasons; Species Northern Zone Inland & CT River Zone Coastal Zone Bag Limit Possession Limit; Ducks A: Oct 2 -Nov 30: Oct 9 -Nov 11. Nov 27 -Dec 22. Oct 3- Oct 9. Nov 27- Jan 18. 6: 18: Mergansers B: Oct 2 -Nov 30:Oct 10, 2023 · Release locations. This year, pheasants will be released on 13 state game/wildlife areas throughout southern Michigan, making it easier than ever for you to plan your hunting adventures. Cass City (Tuscola County) — fall and December release. Cornish (Van Buren County) — fall release only. Crane Pond (Cass County) — fall release only.xvi. Bob Jones, Michigan Bow Hunters – Coyote Season xvii. Mitchell McEachern, Fur Down Outdoors LLC – Coyote Season xviii. Irene Hibbard – Coyote Season xix. ... Migratory Game Bird Hunting Seasons Wildlife Conservation Order Amendment No. 2 of 2024. ii. Elk Regulations Wildlife Conservation Order Amendment …Oct 14, 2022 · Private-land pheasant hunters. Hunters on public lands in the Upper Peninsula. Lifetime license holders. Hunters 17 years of age and younger. Those only hunting pheasant at a game bird hunting preserve. Buy your base and pheasant licenses online at eLicense, through the DNR Hunt Fish app or anywhere DNR licenses are sold.Breeding Bird Survey, 1966-2019 Michigan U.S. Geological Survey’s, North American Breeding Bird Survey, 1966-2019 (Sauer et al. 2020). ... • 3 states have initiated hunting seasons •KY, TN, AL. EP Sandhill Crane Harvest From USFWS 2021 Status and Harvests of Sandhill Cranes Report (Seamans 2021). Thank You.Year-round hunting and trapping seasons 2023-2024. Ground squirrel (includes chipmunk), porcupine, red squirrel and Russian boar may be hunted and trapped, and feral pigeon, house sparrow, starling and woodchuck may be hunted, year-round, statewide with a valid base license.We strive to provide opportunities for those of all abilities to enjoy Michigan’s natural resources. Find accessible fishing, hunting, kayak launches, beaches and more.For those wishing to harvest a wild pheasant this fall, pheasant hunting season is Oct. 10-31 in the Upper Peninsula in Menominee County and portions of Iron, Marquette, Dickinson and Delta counties; Oct. 20-Nov. 14 in the Lower Peninsula and Dec. 1 …2021 Michigan Duck Season Recommendations. 2021 Early Teal Season Recommendations. • Sept. 1 – 16 Statewide • Daily limit 6 teal • Possession 3X • Hunting hours begin at sunrise. • Remain 3rdweekend in September (Sept. 18-19) • Daily and possession limits same as regular waterfowl seasons. 2021 Youth Season Recommendations.The bird hunting season in Michigan typically runs from September to December, with different species being in season at different times. From pheasants to grouses to ducks, hunters have a variety of options to choose from.Overview Known For Michigan is known for its rich, passionate hunting history, especially for whitetail, duck, turkey, and black bear. There are limited opportunities for elk hunting, too. Terrain Michigan’s terrain is primarily rolling hills and heavily-forested low mountains in the southernmost part and flatlands interspersed with hills in the northernmost section. On its western […]Welcome to the 2022-2023 Michigan Hunting Regulations. Here you will find the most up-to-date information on deer, turkey, and waterfowl/migratory game birds. Season dates and hunting areas. Bag limits. Hunting rules and regulations. Official Michigan Hunting regulations. Season dates, license info, bag limits and more.April 15 – May 19. Regulated hunting is the most important tool for managing game mammals and birds. Hunting seasons are established, (i.e., season lengths, bag limits, sex of bird/mammal legal for harvest) based on sound scientific research and biology of the game species and to maximize recreational opportunities for hunters. Additionally ...6 2023 Michigan Waterfowl Hunting Regulations Summary 2023 WATERFOWL HUNTING Zone Species Season dates Daily bag limits Possession limits Notes North Zone Ducks Sept. 30 – Nov. 26 and Dec. 2-3 6 18 a, b North Zone Coots Sept. 30 – Nov. 26 and Dec. 2-3 15 45 b North Zone Mergansers Sept. 30 – Nov. 26 and Dec. 2-3 5 15 a, b North Zone Dark ...Jun 28, 2023 · Montana: Best State for an Early Season Multi-species Hunt. Kansas: Best State for Liberal Bag Limits. South Dakota: Still the King for Roosters. Maine: The Best East Coast Bird State. North Dakota: Best Sleeper State. Arizona: Best Winter Vacation Hunt. Wyoming: Best State for Sage Grouse.Plan your hunt. Before you apply for a hunting permit or head out on your hunt, you should do some planning and research. Visit the Utah Hunt Planner for an in-depth look at hunt boundaries, hunting dates and other key information about Utah's hunting units. This insightful blog post explains how to best use the Hunt Planner as you …In Texas, a hunting license, Texas Migratory Game Bird Endorsement, Harvest Information Program (HIP) Certification and Federal Sandhill Crane Hunting Permit are required to hunt Sandhill Cranes. The permit can be obtained in person at TPWD Law Enforcement offices or TPWD headquarters in Austin, by phone at 800-792-1112 or 512 …Munuscong River State Forest. 20078 S Krause Rd, LAT 46.2130292322 LONG -84.281198767199996, Pickford, MI 49774. Pet-friendly. Learn More. Visit Website.You will have a hard time finding ring-necked pheasant while bird hunting in North Carolina. Currently, they are really only found in the coastal region between Oregon and Barden Inlet. There might still be a …Welcome to the 2022-2023 Michigan Hunting Regulations. Here you will find the most up-to-date information on deer, turkey, and waterfowl/migratory game birds. Season dates and hunting areas. Bag limits. Hunting rules and regulations. Official Michigan Hunting regulations. Season dates, license info, bag limits and more.Black Water Farms, LLC. 6136 S Sullivan Rd, Nunica, Michigan 49441. Cell: (231) 578-6469. Black Water Farms, LLC is a fully licensed shooting preserve featuring some of the finest upland hunting area in the state. Our combination of flight ready pheasant, and chukars and our hunting land filled with wild Western grasses, switch grass, corn, and ...Open area: western Oregon, WMUs 14-30. Season dates: Sept. 1 - Jan. 31, 2024. Daily bag limit: 2 turkeys of either sex4. Season limit: 2. 1 It is unlawful to obtain and possess more than two 2023 fall turkey tags, of which only one can be a General Eastern Oregon Fall Turkey Tag. 2 From Dec. 1 - Jan. 31, 2023 hunting is allowed only on …Montana: Best State for an Early Season Multi-species Hunt. Kansas: Best State for Liberal Bag Limits. South Dakota: Still the King for Roosters. Maine: The Best East Coast Bird State. North Dakota: Best Sleeper State. Arizona: Best Winter Vacation Hunt. Wyoming: Best State for Sage Grouse.2021 Michigan Duck Season Recommendations. 2021 Early Teal Season Recommendations. • Sept. 1 – 16 Statewide • Daily limit 6 teal • Possession 3X • Hunting hours begin at sunrise. • Remain 3rdweekend in September (Sept. 18-19) • Daily and possession limits same as regular waterfowl seasons. 2021 Youth Season Recommendations.Aug 24, 2022 · Michigan 2022 Grouse Hunting Dates. Ruffed Grouse Season Dates: Sept 15 – Nov 14 and Dec 1 – Jan 1. Sharp-tailed Grouse Season Dates: Oct 10 – Oct 31. Michigan 2022 Upland Bird Hunting Dates. Woodcock Season Dates: Sept. 15 – Oct. 29, 2021. Pheasant (Male only) Season Dates: Zone 1 (UP) Pheasant Unit: Oct. 10-31Hunting season calendar. There is an open hunting season at all times on public and private land from Aug. 1 through March 31 every year. Hunters could be encountered in the woods on public lands during these months.Bear: See season dates in the Michigan Bear Hunting Digest. Cottontail Rabbit and Snowshoe Hare: Sept. 15 – Mar. 31. Crow: Aug. 1 – Sept. 30 and Feb. 1 – Mar. 31. Deer: Liberty Hunt: September 11-12, 2021 Youth and Hunters With Disabilities Hunt;Duck seasons: Sept. 25 - Nov. 21 and Nov. 27-28. Goose season open through Dec. 16. Middle Zone. Duck seasons: Oct. 2 - Nov. 28 and Dec. 11-12. Goose season open through Dec. 16. South Zone. Duck seasons: Oct. 9 - Dec. 5 and Jan. 1-2, 2022. Goose season: Now through Sept. 30, Oct. 9 - Dec. 5, Jan. 1-9 and Feb. 5-14, 2022.Year-round hunting and trapping seasons 2023-2024. Ground squirrel (includes chipmunk), porcupine, red squirrel and Russian boar may be hunted and trapped, and feral pigeon, house sparrow, starling and woodchuck may be hunted, year-round, statewide with a valid base license.Michigan Hunting Season Dates. Michigan has a long rich tradition of hunting and wildlife conservation. Michigan Deer Season 2023. Early Antlerless, Firearms: September 18 - September 19. Liberty Hunt: September 11 - September 12. Independence Hunt: October 14 - October 17. Archery: October 1, 2021 - November 14 …Welcome to the 2022-2023 Michigan Hunting Regulations. Here you will find the most up-to-date information on deer, turkey, and waterfowl/migratory game birds. Season dates and hunting areas. Bag limits. Hunting rules and regulations. Official Michigan Hunting regulations. Season dates, license info, bag limits and more. Deer and Turkey Season info.This page of Michigan hunting seasons is updated annually. While Thepredatorhunter.com focuses on coyotes, fox, and bobcats, it is hoped other game hunters will take up predator hunting as well. We suggest you check out these predator hunting links specific to the state of Michigan:Senior Annual (residents 65 and over or residents who are legally blind): $11. 24-hour (residents or nonresidents): $10 per day. Combination hunt and fish license fees. Resident hunt/fish: $76 ...Jun 4, 2022 · Michigan Deer and Elk Hunting Season. Hunting Category. Hunting Season 2021-2022*. Early Antlerless (Firearms) Sept 21-22. Liberty Hunt (Youths & Disabled Hunters) Sept 14-15. Independence Hunt (Disabled Hunters) Oct 17-20.The average number of rooster pheasants flushed per hour by cooperators (0.88) increased 76% compared to flush rates from 2017 (0.49). Pheasant mail carrier brood surveys were conducted statewide along 541 surveys in July 2019. Mail carriers observed an average of 0.15 broods per 10 carrier-days. Pheasant broods contained an average of 3.0 chicks.Tue, 05/21/2024 - 12:00. The Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department has announced the 2024-2025 migratory game bird hunting season dates and bag limits. A printable copy of the Migratory Bird Syllabus can be downloaded from the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department’s website (www.vtfishandwildlife.com) under “Hunt” – “Waterfowl.”.Another alternative is to contact a licensed game bird hunting preserve. Hunting preserves have an extended hunting season, from July 15 through April 30, and can allow year-round dog training and the shooting of exotics for their clients. The Michigan Association of Game Bird Breeders & HuntingFind the best online colleges in Michigan in this list of accredited colleges and universities by affordability. Updated October 13, 2022 thebestschools.org is an advertising-suppo...Year-round hunting and trapping seasons 2023-2024. Ground squirrel (includes chipmunk), porcupine, red squirrel and Russian boar may be hunted and trapped, and feral pigeon, house sparrow, starling and woodchuck may be hunted, year-round, statewide with a valid base license.Find the best online colleges in Michigan in this list of accredited colleges and universities by affordability. Updated October 13, 2022 thebestschools.org is an advertising-suppo...Welcome to the 2022-2023 Michigan Hunting Regulations. Here you will find the most up-to-date information on deer, turkey, and waterfowl/migratory game birds. Season dates and hunting areas. Bag limits. Hunting rules and regulations. Official Michigan Hunting regulations. Season dates, license info, bag limits and more. Deer and Turkey Season info.Year-round hunting and trapping seasons 2023-2024. Ground squirrel (includes chipmunk), porcupine, red squirrel and Russian boar may be hunted and trapped, and feral pigeon, house sparrow, starling and woodchuck may be hunted, year-round, statewide with a valid base license.2023 Michigan Hunting Regulations Summary The Michigan Department of Natural Resources is committed to the conservation, protection, management, use and enjoyment . of the state’s natural and cultural resources for current and future . generations. The Michigan Natural Resources Commission is a seven-member. Migratory Bird Hunting Season Dates 2024-20Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Update: Some offers mentioned below are no longer available. View the current offers here. Shinola Detroit is a company that's been making headlines lately -... Update: Some offers...For those wishing to harvest a wild pheasant this fall, pheasant hunting season is Oct. 10-31 in the Upper Peninsula in Menominee County and portions of Iron, Marquette, Dickinson and Delta counties; Oct. 20-Nov. 14 in the Lower Peninsula and Dec. 1-Jan. 1 in selected areas of Zone 3. The bag limit is two male pheasants daily, with four in ... April 15 – May 19. Regulated hunting is With more people hitting the roads, Marquette County Sheriff Greg Zyburt said emotions can run high. He encourages drivers to stay on top of their schedules and leave early. He added this weekend ... Printed copies of the pamphlets should be available in late August at...
Continue Reading