**Updated on 1/31/24 to include the 2022-23 FRQ exams!**If you are looking for past AP Biology free-response questions (FRQs) that are organized by topic, then you have come to the right place. In this post, we have linked every freely available past FRQ there is from College Board and organized it into the following major topics of AP Biology. (Please note that we are not associated with ...Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.AP Bio Unit 3 Free Response. Yeast cells are placed in an apparatus with a solution of sugar (a major nutrient for yeast metabolism). The apparatus detects bubbles of gas released by the yeast cells. The rate of respiration varies with the surrounding temperatures as indicated by the data below.Graph the results on the axes provided.May 13, 2024 · New FRQ Layout for the 2024 AP Biology Exam Starting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we’ve applied the 2024 layout to the 2021–2023 AP Biology FRQs.Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.16 May 2020 ... • AP Biology FRQ Tips AP Biology review ... AP Biology Free Response: 5 Steps to Writing FRQs ... AP Biology Unit 1 Review: The Chemistry of Life.AP Biology 2021-2022 Semester 1 Final Exam (FRQ) Get a hint. Describe the transfer of energy that occurs in the reaction shown in Figure 1. Click the card to flip 👆. Fructose 6 phosphate (F6P) turns into fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (FBP) by using one ATP in the presence of PFK. The change from ATP to ADP is caused by phosphorylation in the cell.Ap Biology Unit 1 Frq BIO2010 National Research Council 2003-02-13 Biological sciences have been revolutionized, not only in the way research is conductedâ€"with the introduction of techniques such as recombinant DNA and digital technologyâ€"but also in how research findings are communicated among professionals and to the public.AP Biology Penguins: Home > > 2023-2024 Exam Review > > > > > Previous Exam Review > > > > Contact Information Jones Class Instagram Live Sessions ... FRQs: 2019 AP Bio FRQs Scoring Guidelines: 2019 AP Bio SGs. Question #1. FRQ Friday 25 (2019 #1) File Size: 1241 kb: File Type: pdf: Download File. Question #2.Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3–5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6–8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely.Apr 21, 2020 · AP BIO Unit 4 Released FRQs 2 0 1 5 # 4 . 2 0 1 5 # 4 A n sw e r K e y . 2 0 1 3 # 8 . 2 0 1 3 # 8 A n sw e r K e y . 2 0 11 B # 1 . 2 0 11 B ... The unit of genetic organization in all living organisms is the chromosome. (a) (b) (c) Describe the structure and function of the parts of a eukaryotic chromosome.CMRA: Get the latest Comera Life Sciences Holdings stock price and detailed information including CMRA news, historical charts and realtime prices. Gainers AMC Entertainment Hldg P...Unit 3 AP Biology FRQ's. Microcystis aeruginosis is a freshwater photosynthetic cyanobacterium. When temperatures increase and nutrients are readily available in its pond habitat, M. aeruginosis undergoes rapid cell division and forms an extremely large, visible mass of cells called an algal bloom. M. aeruginosis has a short life span and is ...2018 AP ® BIOLOGY FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS BIOLOGY Section II Total Time—1 hour and 30 minutes . Reading Period —10 minutes . Writing Period—1 hour and 20 minutes . 8 Questions . Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each.Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 1 - Interpreting and Evaluation Experimental Results. 6 min read. ... AP Biology Unit 1 Review - Chemistry of Life.Explain the role of water as a medium for the metabolic processes of cells. - Essential for photosynthesis and glucose production because it contains the electrons necessary to capture light and make ATP. - Acts as a solvent of substrates in the cytoplasm of a cell. - Osmosis through the plasma membrane must be carefully regulated by substrate ...AP Bio unit 3 FRQ terms. Get a hint. Plasmid. Click the card to flip 👆. Small circular piece of DNA. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 16.Learn about the structure and function of cells, the basic units of life, with Khan Academy 's engaging and interactive lessons. Explore how organelles, membranes, and transport systems work together to make cells efficient and diverse. This unit will prepare you for the AP®︎/College Biology exam and beyond.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (Unit 3) Describe the role of oxygen in cellular respiration., (Unit 3) Describe the relationship between the concentration of glucose in the culture medium and the ATP concentration in the cells., (Unit 3) In a further experiment, the researchers add a compound to the cell growth …Shark Bites: Evogene Ltd. (EVGN) is a computational predictive biology stock play....EVGN Evogene Ltd. (EVGN) is a small Israeli company that is using something called computationa...1. Cohesion: the attraction of water molecules. Strong cohesive forces are present because they form hydrogen bonds with each other. Example: Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding contributes to the transport of water and nutrients against gravity in plants. Transpiration is the loss of water from a plant in the form of water vapor.The response. 2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Biology 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued) earned 1 point in part (c) for describing that cholera toxin increases the production of cAMP in the presence of GTP.1 point for predicting the location of the flies in the choice chamber. 1 point for justifying the prediction. Propose ONE specific improvement to each of the following parts of the experimental design and explain how the modification will affect the experiment. (4 points maximum) Experimental control.Question 2. There are several emergent properties of water that contribute its powerful affect on living organisms. These emerging properties are mostly due to: A. The abundance of water on Earth. B. The hydrogen bonds linking water molecules together. C. Water’s ability to moderate pH.In this video, we’ll unpack a sample free-response question—FRQ (Question 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results).Download questions here: https...AP BIOLOGY UNIT 1 FRQ Homework Instructions: Read each question carefully. Write your responses on a separate sheet of lined paper, skipping a line between each section. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable.Apr 21, 2020 · AP BIO Unit 3 Released FRQs 2 0 1 7 # 7 . 2 0 1 7 # 7 A n sw e r K e y . 2 0 1 5 # 2 . 2 0 1 5 # 2 A n sw e r K e y . 2 0 1 5 ... (1 point) Prediction (1 point) S. mutans decreases AND S. sanguinis Increases . Question 7 Many species of bacteria grow in the mouths of animals and can form biofilms on teeth (plaque).Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like a) Describe why the location and quality of food sources in the soil are sometimes likely to stimulate random movements by C. elegans, but at other times are more likely to stimulate directed movements., b Justify the scientists' use of two different spots on each petri dish and the counting of worms at each of the two spots., (c ...22 May 2019 ... 1 Year of AP Biology in 43 Minutes. Robert Tait•569K views · 19 videos ... AP Biology Unit 7 Natural Selection. HeyNowScience · Playlist · 47:40.Unit 1: Chemistry of Life. You’ll learn about water’s role as the basis of life and the functions of macromolecules like lipids and proteins. Topics may include: The structure and chemical properties of water. The makeup and properties of macromolecules. The structure of DNA and RNA. On The Exam. 8%–11% of exam score.Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3–5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6–8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely.Biochemistry, the study of the chemistry of living things, is a central science because it unites biology, environmental sciences, medicine and mathematics. Biochemistry explains t...AP Bio Unit 8 FRQ's. FRQ #1. a. Using a specific example, describe how organisms can reproduce asexually. Discuss TWO evolutionary advantages of asexual reproduction. b. Identify THREE ways that sexual reproduction increases genetic variability. For each, explain how it increases genetic diversity among the offspring.Cram for AP Biology Unit 1 – Topic 1.6 with study guides and practice quizzes to review DNA structure, RNA types, Replication process, and more. ... While it's highly unlikely for an AP Biology standalone MCQ or FRQ to ask about the similarities and differences between DNA and RNA, ...frq tips and examples. 6.slides with links to videos and resources for each unit (organized by ap bio curriculum): unit 1--chemistry of life; unit 2-cell structure and functions; unit 3--cellular energetics; unit 4--cell communication and cell cycle unit 5- heredity; unit 6–gene expression & regulation; 7. ap central link to daily topic videos:Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3–5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6–8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely.AP BIO UNIT 5 FRQ. 8 terms. isaacc12363. Preview. AP Biology Unit 4: Cell Communication & Cell Cycle Practice Test (Multiple Choice) 30 terms. gracekang718. Preview. Week 12 HCT - Endocrine. 172 terms. francescajfregoso. Preview. Evolution and Speciation Overview. Teacher 31 terms. s556857. Preview. biology 1401 chapter 10. 20 …The framework also encourages instruction that prepares students for advanced work in STEM majors. The AP Biology framework is organized into eight commonly taught units of study that provide one possible sequence for the course. As always, you have the flexibility to organize the course content as you like. Unit.The mitochondria from the sperm cell including their DNA are degrade after fertilization. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (a) If a particular gene is located on the Z chromosome of this lizard species, describe why a lizard with a ZW genotype has a greater probability of expressing the recessive phenotype for ...There are four main types of macromolecules: nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These macromolecules are the building blocks of cells and perform a wide range of functions in living organisms. Nucleic acids are made up of nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups, and they carry genetic information.FRQ Practice Submission 1. (a) Poor external validity is having a study that can generalized outside the context of the study. To avoid low external validity, researchers must use random selection so everyone has an equal chance of being in the study and it’s a representative sample. (b) Coercion means getting a person to do a study through ...AP Classroom is a free and flexible online platform that provides i nstructional resources for each AP course to support student learning of all course content and skills. AP Classroom r esources, including AP Daily videos, help your students learn and practice all year.. Learn about all instructional resources in AP Classroom. Learn more about AP …Learn about the structure and function of cells, the basic units of life, with Khan Academy 's engaging and interactive lessons. Explore how organelles, membranes, and transport systems work together to make cells efficient and diverse. This unit will prepare you for the AP®︎/College Biology exam and beyond.Question criteria for my AP Bio homies Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. ... AP Biology AP Classroom Unit 7 FRQ. 10 terms. Sivinity. Preview. AP BIO UNIT 6 FRQ. 8 terms. abbyconsiglio134. Preview. chapter 6 part 1. 40 terms. Rylee1359.Mathematics degrees span a variety of subjects, including biology, statistics, and mathematics. An education degree prepares students for careers Updated May 23, 2023 • 6 min read ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. 1994 Genetic variation is the raw material for evolution. a. Explain three cellular and/or molecular mechanisms that introduce variation into the gene pool of a plant or animal population. b. Explain the evolutionary mechanisms that can change the composition of the gene pool., 2004 …FRQ Practice Submission 1. (a) Poor external validity is having a study that can generalized outside the context of the study. To avoid low external validity, researchers must use random selection so everyone has an equal chance of being in the study and it’s a representative sample. (b) Coercion means getting a person to do a study through ...AP BIOLOGY UNIT 1 FRQ Homework Instructions: Read each question carefully. Write your responses on a separate sheet of lined paper, skipping a line between each section. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable.1. Understand how points are awarded by reviewing the AP® Biology rubrics. 2. Underline or circle every bolded and capitalized word. 3. Understand what the …Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.AP Bio Free Response Question Answers for Protein Powders. 👋 Welcome to the AP Bio Unit 1 FRQ (Protein Powders) Answers. Have your responses handy as you go through the rubrics to see how you did! ⏱ Remember, the AP Biology exam has 6 free-response questions, and you will be given 90 minutes to complete the FRQ section.Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom. Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally. Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Carbohydrate Examples, Disaccharide, Monosaccharide and more.AP Biology Exam Questions. Free-Response Questions and Scoring information. Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with …Jan 26, 2022 · Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (a) If a particular gene is located on the Z chromosome of this lizard species, describe why a lizard with a ZW genotype has a greater probability of expressing the recessive phenotype for the trait than a lizard with the ZZ genotype does., (b) Using the template, construct an ...A Walt Disney World annual pass is the cheapest way to visit Disney World theme parks multiple times a year plus discounts! Save money, experience more. Check out our destination h...Back to Table of Contents Page 36 of 78 AP Biology FRQ’s By Units and Chapters | Cragle. 2014 Practice Question #3. β – hemoglobin is a highly conserved protein among vertebrates. The identity of amino acid 104–one of the variable amino acids in the polypeptide–in four vertebrate species is shown in the table above.May 16, 2024 · Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 1 - Interpreting and Evaluation Experimental Results. 6 min read. Score Higher on AP Biology 2024: Tips for FRQ 2 ... 🌶️ AP Bio Cram Review: Unit 1: Chemistry of Life. streamed by Kari Parnin. AP Biology Cram Unit 1: Chemistry of Life. slides by Kari Parnin.The response. 2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Biology 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued) earned 1 point in part (c) for describing that cholera toxin increases the production of cAMP in the presence of GTP.Based on an AP fact-check of last night's democratic debate, here are the big money flashes that were made by the presidential candidates. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive ...AP®︎/College Biology. 10 units · 54 skills. Unit 1. Chemistry of life. Unit 2. ... Worked examples of AP®︎ Biology free response questions. Unit 10.AP Biology Penguins: Home > > 2023-2024 Exam Review > > > > > Previous Exam Review > > > > Contact Information Jones Class Instagram Live Sessions ... FRQs: 2019 AP Bio FRQs Scoring Guidelines: 2019 AP Bio SGs. Question #1. FRQ Friday 25 (2019 #1) File Size: 1241 kb: File Type: pdf: Download File. Question #2.AP Biology Practice Test: Unit 1 — Chemistry of Life - High School Test Prep. Question 1. Which property of water allows it to move upward from the roots of a tree to its leaves? …AP® Biology 2022 Scoring Guidelines . Question 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Experimental Design 9 points . The binding of an extracellular ligand to a G protein-coupled receptor in the plasma membrane of a cell triggers intracellular signaling (Figure 1, A). After ligand binding, GTP replaces the GDP that is bound toBio unit 1 FRQ. 5.0 (1 review) Describe the role of carbon in biological systems. Click the card to flip 👆. Carbon is the building block of all macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. It's structure allows it to bond with many other elements. Click the card to flip 👆.Nov 17, 2021 · 🤔 Need a quick refresher of the unit as a whole? Check out the Unit 1 Overview. 😩 Getting stumped halfway through answering? Look through all of the available Unit 1 Resources. ⏱ The AP Biology exam has 6 free-response questions, and you will be given 90 minutes to complete the FRQ section.Back to Table of Contents Page 36 of 78 AP Biology FRQ’s By Units and Chapters | Cragle. 2014 Practice Question #3. β – hemoglobin is a highly conserved protein among vertebrates. The identity of amino acid 104–one of the variable amino acids in the polypeptide–in four vertebrate species is shown in the table above.Unit 1. Chemistry of life. Unit 2. Cell structure and function. Unit 3. Cellular energetics. Unit 4. Cell communication and cell cycle. Unit 5. Heredity. Unit 6. Gene expression and regulation. Unit 7. Natural selection. Unit 8. Ecology. Unit 9. Worked examples of AP®︎ Biology free response questions. Unit 10. AP®︎ Biology standards ...Mike Anderson and Ovie Faruq offloaded their collection of 72 NFTs for $9.25 million this week, according to OpenSea data. Jump to Two former Barclays junk bond traders reportedly ...Nov 17, 2021 · 🤔 Need a quick refresher of the unit as a whole? Check out the Unit 1 Overview. 😩 Getting stumped halfway through answering? Look through all of the available Unit 1 Resources. ⏱ The AP Biology exam has 6 free-response questions, and you will be given 90 minutes to complete the FRQ section.What Can You Do With a Cosmetology Degree? A cosmetology degree blends didactic coursework with practical training. Students also learn the biology behind Updated May 23, 2023 • 6 ...Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form.Excerpts from past AP Exam FRQs liable to show up on the test. Learn with flashcards, games, ... Bio Unit 8 Part 1 (8.1-8.4) 30 terms. SammyBurgess123. Preview. unit 5 biology - energy tranformation/ unit 6 quiz . 40 terms. STR2009. Preview. Chapter 11 Bio 107 . 18 terms. kenadeecampbell.Nov 17, 2021 · 👋 Welcome to the AP Bio Unit 1 FRQ (Protein Powders) Answers. Have your responses handy as you go through the rubrics to see how you did! ⏱ Remember, the AP Biology exam has 6 free-response questions, and you will be given 90 minutes to complete the FRQ section. (This means you should give yourself ~15 minutes to go through each practice FRQ.)Questions 3–8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3–5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6–8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely. You are advised to spend the 10-minute reading period planning your answers. You may begin writing your responses before ...AP Biology - Unit 1 Progress Check: MCQ. Get a hint. Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in Figure 1 could be broken to remove ...Atomic particles with a negative charge (-) found outside the nucleus of an atom. Bond that forms when electrons are shared equally. Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Carbohydrate Examples, Disaccharide, Monosaccharide and more.A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen (H) from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2O) molecule. A study determined the effect of two different digestive enzymes, A and B, on these two polysaccharides. Table 1 presents the data from the study.Apr 21, 2020 · AP BIO Unit 4 Released FRQs 2 0 1 5 # 4 . 2 0 1 5 # 4 A n sw e r K e y . 2 0 1 3 # 8 . 2 0 1 3 # 8 A n sw e r K e y . 2 0 11 B # 1 . 2 0 11 B ... The unit of genetic organization in all living organisms is the chromosome. (a) (b) (c) Describe the structure and function of the parts of a eukaryotic chromosome.22 May 2019 ... 1 Year of AP Biology in 43 Minutes. Robert Tait•569K views · 19 videos ... AP Biology Unit 7 Natural Selection. HeyNowScience · Playlist · 47:40.Aevo Prep. 657 subscribers. Subscribed. 109. 2.9K views 1 year ago. In this special episode, Mikey explains how to approach FRQ style questions and reviews concepts from Unit 1 of AP...FRQ Practice Sample 1. A) The catabolism of glucose in glycolysis gives the NAD+ the Hydrogen it needs to later be turned into ATP. Oxidation breaks bonds which also releases energy. The formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain keeps the ionic Hydrogens on the outside of the cell so that they go through the ATP synthase ...FRQ #1: Describe the processes of fat, carbohydrate, and protein digestion and product absorption as they occur in the human mouth, stomach and small intestine. Include a discussion of the enzymatic reactions involved and accessory organs that produce them. CARBOHYDRATES. 1.May 15, 2023 · In this video, I provide a comprehensive solution for FRQ Question 1 from the 2023 AP Biology Exam. I go through the question step by step, breaking down the...The response. 2022 College Board. Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Biology 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued) earned 1 point in part (c) for describing that cholera toxin increases the production of cAMP in the presence of GTP.Dr. Denisa Wagner is the Edwin Cohn Professor of Pediatrics in the Program for Cellular and Molecular Medicine and the Division of Hematology/Oncology at Boston Children's Hospital...AP® Biology 2022 Scoring Guidelines . Question 1: Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Experimental Design 9 points . The binding of an extracellular ligand to a G protein-coupled receptor in the plasma membrane of a cell triggers intracellular signaling (Figure 1, A). After ligand binding, GTP replaces the GDP that is bound toThe data are shown in Table 1. (see image) (a) Describe the role of oxygen in cellular respiration. The response indicates that oxygen is the terminal acceptor of electrons that have passed through the electron transport chain. Researchers studied the relationship between glucose concentration, oxygen level, and ATP production in one type of ...This Assessment Bundle aligns with the AP Biology Course and Exam Description! These resources were designed to offer FRQ assessments to help students learn, practice, and review all topics related to units 6. These resources can be used for classwork, homework, an assessment, or as a review. The FRQs relate to various topics (Transcription ...Nov 14, 2021 · AP BIOLOGY Unit 6 Progress Check FRQ Page 1 of 3 NAME: _____ Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable and will not be scored. CD3 is a signaling protein that …AP® Biology 2021 Scoring Guidelines (a) Describe the characteristics of the plasma membrane that prevent simple diffusion of Na + and K + across the membrane. 1 point Accept one of the following: • The interior of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic/nonpolar. • The phospholipid tails are hydrophobic/nonpolar.Circling (1 point) • Correctly circled out-group based on orientation of cladogram. (c) A student claims that mitochondrial DNA sequence comparisons provide a more accurate phylogeny of bear species than do LYST protein sequence comparisons. Provide ONE piece of reasoning to support the student’s claim.. Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that reLearn AP Biology using videos, articles, a Overview. We’ve compiled a list of a bunch of the AP Biology past prompts! The AP Bio FRQs are 60% of the exam including 2 long questions and 4 short … The term going private refers to a company's departure from listi The mitochondria from the sperm cell including their DNA are degrade after fertilization. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (a) If a particular gene is located on the Z chromosome of this lizard species, describe why a lizard with a ZW genotype has a greater probability of expressing the recessive phenotype for ... The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and ino...
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